bioshock 最后的疑案

ppoppo

07年的游戏最近又被提起争论，在这里发帖做个小结，起因是讨论为什么游戏做的暴力
我认为核心问题还是：游戏作者究竟想表达什么？
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观点a：游戏想通过暴力来装内涵
b:游戏反对共产主义
c:反对社会主义
d:反对极权主义
f:思考暴力，人性和道德
g:反对客观主义
h:反对乌托邦
i:支持新奥地利学院派
如此等等
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根据目前掌握资料，游戏作者没有明确说：我的作品是为了表达xx观点
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个人意见，游戏的英文背景资料应作为第1证据，主要来自英文wiki和专题站wikia。
这里因为篇幅，给出部分关键性的原文，为了避免断章取义，建议搜索wiki和google。
要想正确判断作者意图，游戏的核心人物分析是关键。
核心人物有3个：Andrew Ryan 是谁？背景？和其他人物关系？结局？
Frank Fontaine？？？
Jack？？？
如果能理解3个核心人物的意义，那么“最后的疑案”便会真相大白
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游戏设定 Setting（wiki）
BioShock is set during 1960, in Rapture, a fictional underwater dystopian/anti-utopian city.
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Rapture was envisioned by the Randian business magnate Andrew Ryan (voiced by Armin Shimerman), who wanted to create a laissez-faire state to escape increasingly oppressive political, economic, and religious authority on land.
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As time passed, the gap between rich and poor increased. Frank Fontaine established charity organizations to support the underclass (something antithetical to Ryan's philosophy). He also established a smuggling operation to supply citizens with forbidden items from the surface, such as religious material.
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Within a few months, a new figure named Atlas (voiced by Karl Hanover) rose as the leader of the disgruntled lower class.
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Jack was actually born in Rapture a mere two years ago, genetically modified to mature rapidly. He is Ryan's illegitimate son by an affair with Jasmine Jolene, a dancer.
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Finally, Ryan has Jack kill him, wanting to die on his own terms.
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n response to an interview question from the gaming website IGN about what influenced the game's story and setting, Levine said, "I have my useless liberal arts degree, so I've read stuff from Ayn Rand and George Orwell, and all the sort of utopian and dystopian writings of the 20th century, which I've found really fascinating."[48] Levine has also mentioned an interest in "stem cell research and the moral issues that go around [it]."[48] In regard to artistic influences, Levine cited the books Nineteen Eighty-Four and Logan's Run, representing societies that have "really interesting ideas screwed up by the fact that we're people."
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先谈一下非核心争论的一些东西，建议至少看明白给出的英文内容
1 乌托邦：Utopia is a name for an ideal community or society, taken from the title of a book written in 1516 by Sir Thomas More describing a fictional island in the Atlantic Ocean, possessing a seemingly perfect socio-politico-legal system. The term has been used to describe both intentional communities that attempted to create an ideal society, and fictional societies portrayed in literature.
说到乌托邦，我认为判断的时候要注意：“完美”，“理想”，“社会”，“政治”，“法律”，“经济”
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2 阿特拉斯: Atlas' best-known cultural association is in cartography. Atlas continues to be a commonly used icon in western culture, as a symbol of strength or stoic endurance. He is often shown kneeling on one knee while supporting an enormous round globe on his back and shoulders. The globe originally represented the celestial sphere of ancient astronomy, rather than the earth. The use of the term atlas as a name for collections of terrestrial maps and the modern understanding of the earth as a sphere have combined to inspire the many depictions of Atlas' burden as the earth.
阿特拉斯这个希腊神话中的形象，在西方社会和文化中，有着久远的各种意义和影响，比Ayn Rand的小说《Atlas Shrugged》早了几百年不止。atlantic ocean，名字就来源于 altas
上面的关系是 altas-->atlantic ocean-->utopia

铜像 Lee Lawrie's colossal bronze Atlas, Rockefeller Center, New York 1937，比 <atlas shrugged> 1957 早了整整20年
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3 安。兰德 ayn rand，was a Russian-American novelist, philosopher,[1] playwright, and screenwriter. She is known for her best-selling novels and for developing a philosophical system called Objectivism. She is known for her best-selling novels and for developing a philosophical system called Objectivism.
Rand held that the only moral social system is laissez-faire capitalism. Her political views were strongly individualist and hence anti-statist and anti-Communist. Rand detested many liberal and conservative politicians of her time, including prominent anti-Communists.
这里要说明，兰德的主要成就是她的小说《The Fountainhead 》，《atlas Shrugged 》，以及她提出的客观主义 objectivism。但是，至到今天，她的客观主义，仍然没有被西方学术界认为是有丝毫价值的学术理论。相比正统和广泛认可的各种西方学术流派，兰德的客观主义是边缘的边缘。这里，我同样定位兰德的客观主义不是学术理论，而是一种通俗的价值观。具体证据，自行搜索英文wiki
她本人坚持拉兹资本主义（这里我不用天朝科普的“放任资本主义”概念，因为我不认为laissez-faire 的概念=放任），和强烈的个人主义，反对国家主义（这里wiki或许想表达 anti State capitalism，总之和天朝科普的国家主义有差别，我在这个学术范围了解不多，建议各位小心理解），反对共产主义
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4 乔治。奥维尔 George Orwell（笔名），His work is marked by a profound consciousness of social injustice, an intense opposition to totalitarianism, a passion for clarity in language and a belief in democratic socialism.[2]
Considered "perhaps the 20th century's best chronicler of English culture,"[3] he wrote works in many different genres including novels, essays, polemic journalism, semi-sociological literary criticism, and poetry. His most famous works are the satirical novel Animal Farm (1945) and the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949).       
奥维尔极端反对极权主义（totalitarianism），支持民主社会主义（democratic socialism）
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5 肯。莱文 Ken Levine，游戏编剧，前面提到他在创作bioshock 时受到了兰德和奥维尔的小说及其他关于乌托邦和反乌托邦文学的影响，但他同时提醒游戏玩家，不要把游戏中的核心人物理解成前面小说的主人公和人物，即便有些名字很相近。
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6 新奥地利学院派 neo-austrain，由于英文wiki还没建立相关的索引资料（wiki目前只有奥地利学院派的资料），这里我引用我手头上的资料简单概括一下（具体查英文资料）
neo-austrain 在西方属于非主流（heterodox）学院派中的一支（到目前为止），主要要涉及经济，社会学研究
对个人理性观点：支持radical individualism，libertarian philosophy
政治观：strongly opposed government interevntion on moral grounds（经济，社会），认为政府干涉 violates individuals' rights
财富分配观：marginal productivity theory; focus on property right
宏观经济学观点：强调 market process，认为主流学派有缺陷
这里提醒，新奥地利学院派对非主流的马克思流派有批判，和其他资本主义学院派的理由一样，因为马克思流派无法对自己的经济理论建立统一的，合理的数学模型。到了天朝砖家和学者们的嘴里，就被科普成了反对社会主义（anti socialism）是新奥地利学院派的主要任务之一，总之建议各位小心理解
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7 防卫机理学 Defence mechanism，defence mechanisms or defense mechanisms (see -ce/-se) are psychological strategies brought into play by various entities to cope with reality and to maintain self-image. Healthy persons normally use different defences throughout life. An ego defence mechanism becomes pathological only when its persistent use leads to maladaptive behavior such that the physical and/or mental health of the individual is adversely affected. The purpose of the Ego Defence Mechanisms is to protect the mind/self/ego from anxiety, social sanctions or to provide a refuge from a situation with which one cannot currently cope.
用来解释人的防卫行为的心理学，可进一步联系到法理学相关，本人了解不多，建议查资料

8 资本家capitalist：根据马克思主义的传统理论，资本家是掌握了capital的人，这也是天朝的定义（你是资本家么？谁是资本家？）。现在的西方主流理论则认为资本家不仅指有资本人，还包括支持资本市场和规则的人，另外
Capitalism typically refers to an economic and social system in which the means of production (also known as capital) are privately controlled; labor, goods and capital are traded in a market; profits are distributed to owners or invested in new technologies and industries; and wages are paid to labor.

The extent to which different markets are free, as well as rules determining what may and may not be private property, is a matter of politics and policy; consequently, historians and economic sociologists have debated over how to define capitalism, and many states have what are termed "mixed economies."
根据西方学术界的观点，世界上没有现实的纯粹的资本主义（100% Capitalism），通常是不同程度的混合制度
也就是，符合天朝定义的资本家不存在（自己思考，这里我不鼓吹拥护xx理论）
andrew ryan 和 frank fontaine 也是如此，只不过，frank 支持underclass，而且还违反了资本主义市场制度，用非法手段干涉rapture 的资本制度（因为游戏设定 ryan 是 laissez-faire capitalism，下面的核心分析会详细说明）
等看完人物分析，可以自己画个线：100%Communism--------------------100%captitalism，自己标以下两个人的位置（欧美大学里通常这样跟学生解释不通国家制度）
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下面是对核心内容的分析
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游戏的发生地 Rapture
根据wiki资料，认为 rapture 是 a fictional underwater dystopian/anti-utopian city--反乌托邦的社会。而wikia专题站的描述是，It is strange that Andrew Ryan chose to name his underwater utopia Rapture, as this word is associated with the Christian concept of the return of Jesus Christ. This is ironic, given that that Andrew Ryan had banned all religious texts and artifacts as antithetical to the guiding principles of his city. 两个网站的在乌托邦的立场上意见似乎对立。
另一个区别是wikia 认为rapure社会的规则还包括 any citizen could achieve for his or her own gain, rather than for the altruistic fulfillment of the wants of others（这点跟客观主义（注意前面3解释）相近）
但是，两个网站都强调了：laissez-faire state(wiki)/a capitalist society free of religion and government(wikia) to escape increasingly oppressive political, economic, and religious authority on land. 也就是，rapture 是一个 laissez-faire 的资本主义社会，这是无可争议的一个关键
由于laissez-faire 是正统的西方学术概念，这里我也将其作为游戏的真相之一。至于是不是乌托邦，不影响核心讨论，忽略
真相1 raputre 是laissez-faire 的资本主义社会
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因为这个npc没能通过天朝审核，所以放了和谐后的图片
"A man has a choice... I chose the impossible."
                ―Andrew Ryan
Ryan was born Andrei Ryanofski in Minsk in 1892 to a rich family that were important figures in the Russian government. As a result he was witness to the murder of his entire family by Communist rebels in 1918.[citation needed] He was then sent to a work camp in the Gulag until he escaped in 1919.[1]

His experiences under Soviet rule led Andrew Ryan to his personal philosophy: the modern world was created by great men who strove to make their own way. Anytime "parasites" gained control of such a world, they destroyed it. After his escape from Russia, he travelled to Britain where he enrolled as a student at Oxford University. He emigrated to America in 1927[citation needed], believing it is a place where a great man could prosper.

For a time, he was devoted to his adopted country, grateful for the wealth and fame it awarded his intellect and determination. It was there he founded Ryan Industries, a manufacturer of steel products and weapons. In the stock market crash of 1929 Ryan was barely affected. In 1932 he was named by "Life magazine" as the youngest billionaire in the country.[citation needed]

However, the social programs adopted in the 30s increasingly tested that devotion. His experiences in the "worker's paradise" made Ryan despise the ideals of Socialism, believing that those who benefited from others were "parasites." In his mind, one could only own what one earned. For instance, he once owned a large forest as a personal retreat, one that many groups envied. Eventually, the government attempted to nationalize it as parkland. His response, before surrendering it, was to burn it to the ground, thus keeping the "parasites" from taking what was his.[2]

The final straw for Ryan was the destruction of Hiroshima with the Atomic Bomb. In his eyes, the Bomb was the ultimate corruption of his ideals — science and determination harnessed for destruction, creating a weapon that gave the "parasites" the ability to destroy anything that they could not seize.
上面是wikia的部分人物背景资料，比较详细，和wiki一致
第一个核心人物出现：Andrew Ryan，rapture 社会的建立者
背景设定是在俄国富裕家庭出生，全家在共产党叛乱时被谋杀（真实历史来源 Russian Civil War 俄国内战），在苏联建立后逃离俄国，英国牛津大学进修，后移民美国，希望实现自己的美国梦。建立了自己的企业，期间经历股市崩溃（真实历史来源 30年代大萧条/经济危机），随后美国的国家政策动摇了ryan的美国梦（真实历史来源，凯恩斯主义 Keynesianism），因为ryan坚持，个人的收益只限于个人付出。击垮ryan美国梦的最后一根稻草是，原子弹参战，从此，ryan 和美国分道扬镳，开始建立 rapture
从ryan 的背景得知，ryan 是资本家（强烈反对共产主义，一定程度反对政权干涉资本主义，强烈反对战争行为）
和核心人物 Frank Fontaine 是敌对关系（资料显示是frank fontaine 首先通过暴力设法除掉 ryan），互相设法置对手于死地，组织了两次对frank fontaine 的暴力围剿，暴力对抗frank fontaine
这里一个问题，为何ryan 是游戏中暴力来源之一？为何通过暴力维护 rapture？建议从资本主义财富（别忘了rapture建立于他的私人资本之上）的权利角度和防卫机理的角度思考
是核心人物jack（玩家）亲生父亲，最后选择死在jack手上
真相2 Andrew Ryan 是资本家，rapture 的创建人和暴力来源之一，Frank Fontaine 的死敌，jack 的生父，死于jack
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Hell, once I was even a Chinaman for six months!
                     -Frank Fontaine（atlas）
He came to Rapture with little or nothing, and built an empire by his own wits, a rags-to-riches story in the mold of Andrew Carnegie. Later on he himself gets corrupted in his strive for power. He also exposes Andrew Ryan to be, at his core, a tyrant: the very type of "God or King" which the red banner at Rapture's entrance claimed had no place there, winning considerable popular support by pointing out Ryan's hypocrisy. The flaws Ryan showed are however perhaps those that most collectivistic thinking humans would have to protect an establishment from what they perceive as a threat. This way Ryan becomes the tyrant of Rapture who in trying to get rid of Fontaine takes away all of the freedom of its inhabitants.

As time passed, the gap between rich and poor increased. Frank Fontaine established charity organizations to support the underclass (something antithetical to Ryan's philosophy). He also established a smuggling operation to supply citizens with forbidden items from the surface, such as religious material. These, along with his control of the plasmid industry, made him immensely powerful. He tried to overthrow Ryan, but the revolt was violently crushed and Fontaine was reportedly killed. Ryan seized control of Fontaine's plasmid business. Within a few months, a new figure named Atlas (voiced by Karl Hanover) rose as the leader of the disgruntled lower class. On New Year's Eve of 1959, Atlas and his ADAM-infused followers began a new revolt against Ryan that spread throughout Rapture.
根据各方资料，Frank fontaine 是一个白手起家的成功商人，沉迷于权势，他指责（注意exposes，向公众曝光，并非他本人真实看法） andrew ryan 是整个社会的暴君。frank 不仅经营着重要工业，暗中还支持社会中的 underclass（注意，这是此游戏角色和兰德“客观主义”小说重要区别），组织了地下流氓团伙向rapture 的居民提供违禁商品，随着他势力不断膨胀，他开始向ryan 挑战，前后两次 revolt，而第一次失败后，便转入地下，化身成为 atlas。第2次，他几乎成功了，同时带来的暴力也摧毁了整个rapture。
另外，资料显示，frank 从成功的掌握工业权利时，便开始了对ryan 的暗杀计划。（Jack was raised by the scientists in Rapture who were responsible for his mental conditioning at the order of Frank Fontaine for the purpose of assassinating Andrew Ryan.）玩家jack，就是他用基因试验培养的杀手，把一个实际只有2岁的小孩，变异成了行凶的刺客。而整个暗杀andrew ryan，控制rapture 社会的作为，还只是他为了满足自己野心计划中的一小部分（After Ryan's death, Fontaine reveals that his ultimate goal is not simply to conquer Rapture, but to use it and the ADAM technology to extend his power to the surface and become an industry tycoon.）
实际上，游戏对frank 的刻画比 andrew ryan 要多很多，他不仅有frank fontaine 的身份，还有atlas 这个从始至终，直接与玩家交流，控制玩家行为的角色。wikia 的资料认为Frank 的形象受到客观主义小说《Atlas Shrugged 》的影响，因为frank 始终为了自身利益行事。这点，和wiki有所出入，wiki认为，frank 的形象意义是某种程度和兰德的哲学对立。有人可能会说，frank 对underlass的支持是为了满足他自身的利益，客观主义也强调实现个人利益。但别忘了，客观主义还要求实现过程必须是理性化的选择和行为（资本主义经济学基础之一），尊重（不侵犯）其他人的个人利益。显然 frank不计后果，不考虑代价的暴力手段，不是兰德的客观主义。用兰德的客观主义解释frank fontaine，是矛盾的，不能成立
另外，在检查frank资料的时候，有几个关键地方需要注意：
1 As time passed, the gap between rich and poor increased. 这个社会背景是frank 出现的舞台，至少是他自称为atlas 的理由之一，那么一个重要问题：the gap between rich and poor increased 是不是资本家出现的历史条件？ 如果不是，什么阶级需要这个条件？
2 support the underclass 关键是underclass，这个词。在西方学术界，英文 underclass（非正式）= proletariat（正式）=德语 Lumpenproletariat =无产阶级。只要这个词出现，基本karl marx 马克思就会出现，干什么的各位应该知道
3 revolt，英语里通常和 revolution 联系，比如国际歌英译版第一段，中文的天朝老百姓应该还能哼哼
1. Arise! Ye starvelings from yours slumbers!
Arise! Ye criminals of want!
For reason in revolt now thunders,
And away with all superstitions,
Servile masses arise! arise!
We`ll change forthwith the old conditions
And spurn the dust to win the prize...
4 为何frank fontaine 自称“atlas”？除了兰德的客观主义小说《Atlas Shrugged 》，还能从哪个角度理解？这里给一点资料和一点提示
Another New Year's, another night alone. I'm out, and you're stuck in Hephaestus, working. Imagine my surprise. But I guess I'll have another drink... here's a toast to Diane McClintock, silliest girl in Rapture. Silly enough to fall in love with Andrew Ryan, silly enough to- <explosion>
Splicer 1: Long live Atlas!（atlas 万岁！）
Splicer 2: Death to Ryan!
Diane: What... what happened... I'm bleeding... oh, God... what's happening...
Location: Kashmir Bar, bottom floor on top of table
先看一下帖子/BIOSHOCK剧情最终考究 2本世界名著的结合/ http://oldbbs.ali213.net/thread-1635664-1-1.html 作者 石斛兰
这个帖子有一些经不起推敲和实际考察的错误：比如，兰德的《Atlas Shrugged》更是北美销量仅次于《圣经》的书，此书成为仅次于圣经的、历史上对美国人民影响第二大的图书等等。
这里主要针对游戏核心问题有影响的内容：原帖认为/ALTAS，这个前期一直伪装起来的人。可以说他一直承受着销魂城的巨大革新的各种后果，如果说RAYN是处理残局，开发了LITTLE SISTER 资源采集机构（严重错误），倒不如说RAYN一开始和 ATLAS的 战争是错误的。他毁灭了所有ADAM的生产源，却又无法改变那些已经使用了ADAM的城民。/
石斛兰应该没有仔细了解过资料，就是adam和little sister这些项目的始作俑者，除了发现人和研究人Dr. Bridgette Tenenbaum，实际应用的计划和目的，都是frank 在操纵和策划。对7-10岁的小女孩进行实验，让一个人变成提供资源的牲畜，就是frank 的天才运作（Little Sister's Orphanage 可是frank 独资建立）。这里再次提醒，frank 的野心不仅是 rapture，而是全世界。
Tenenbaum was the first to discover ADAM. She discovered a slug that changes the body and the mind giving the user many powers. At first she was snubbed by the scientists of Rapture but with the help of Frank Fontaine she was able to get her invention off the ground and quickly became one of the most well known women in Rapture.
Fontaine was the initial investor in Bridgette Tenenbaum and Dr. Suchong's research into ADAM. His fishermen were the first to discover the sea slugs which naturally produce the substance. Their research led to the establishment of Fontaine Futuristics, the epicenter of biotechnology in Rapture.
至于说/RAYN,是你自己毁灭了你的城。 而我不过是按照你的初衷，把这个城市不断进化起来。 你中间搅局，一切都毁了/各位可以参考和对比/资本主义制度注定灭亡/这类的社会理论，这里不详述。
另外还有/引用小说《Atlas Shrugged》原话，对最终的Fontaine的完美描叙/，我们也可以对照之前Andrew Ryan 的身世，看看是否能“完美描述”这个资本家
实际上，游戏作者反复提醒，不要把游戏人物引申成某某小说家的人物（再强调frank 是自称atlas，不同于兰德意图塑造 atlas）
另外一个提示就是：参考资本主义经济学和马克思主义关于对“working class”工人阶级和财富创造者们的种种理论，注意两派间的区别和联系。
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现在，整理一下思路，随着 the gap between rich and poor increased，广大 underclass 群众，在领袖 Frank fontaine（atlas） 的领导下，暗杀资本家 andrew ryan，将 revolt 进行到底，用暴力砸烂 repture 旧社会，建立....来实现全球制霸的宏伟蓝图...
那么，frank fontaine 以现实的角度看是一个什么样的阶级角色？会是一个客观主义资本家么？还是。。。？
另外一些小资料，建议自己翻译，看看和天朝科普的异同点（主要是暴力革命论）
"between capitalist and communist society there lies the period of the revolutionary transformation of the one into the other. Corresponding to this is also a political transition period in which the state can be nothing but the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat." ---by karl marx

In depicting the most general phases of the development of the proletariat, we traced the more or less veiled civil war, raging within existing society, up to the point where that war breaks out into open revolution, and where the violent overthrow of the bourgeoisie lays the foundation for the sway of the proletariat.
--- communist-manifesto 共产党宣言第一章节选
真相3 frank fontaine 是“资本家 andrew ryan” 的死敌，某种阶级的代表，rapture 的暴力来源之一，杀手jack 的制造者，死于jack之手
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Jack was raised by the scientists in Rapture who were responsible for his mental conditioning at the order of Frank Fontaine for the purpose of assassinating Andrew Ryan. According to Audio Diaries by Dr. Suchong, who was responsible for Jack's development, Jack weighed 56 pounds and had the "gross musculature of a fit 19 year old by the age of one", thanks to Lot 111. Dr. Suchong also reveals in another Audio Diary that he is responsible for raising Jack and the mind control imprinting that Frank Fontaine requested. Jack is sent to the surface as a sleeper agent, living in his pre-programmed life until Frank Fontaine "activates" him. Upon Fontaine's command, Jack boards a plane that passes over Rapture's entrance, then hijacks it, forcing its crash landing, using the trigger phrase "Would you kindly".
jack，玩家，andrew ryan 的亲生子。在 frank 的指示下，科研人员将其抚养，实际年龄只有不到3岁！经过某种实验改造成生理年龄是19岁的变异体，并且通过实验被frank 精神控制，意图在必要时受到“激活”对andrew ryan 进行暗杀。
对jack 的分析，除了他的身世背景，还应该注意：游戏设计他杀死了andrew ryan 和 Frank Fontaine。他本身是资本家的儿子，一个变异后的人，曾被某阶级领袖精神控制，但他结束了资本家和阶级领袖的生命，在rapture暴力动乱中生存下来，他会改变整个rapture社会的未来（参考游戏的两个结局）。这样的情节安排，是否有什么寓意在里面？
真相4 jack是“资本家andrew ryan”的亲生子，被frank fontaine 改造的异变人，最后杀死了ryan 和frank，左右着rapture社会的未来
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至此，核心角色分析完毕，更详细的资料，可以参考英文wiki和专题站wikia
希望本文的线索对各位玩家解决“bioshock 最后的疑案”有所帮助