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本文第一部分是关于dnd.3版规则下planescape的派系讨论
格式为：
1. 派系概括，来自《The Factol's Manifesto》，派系宣言 + 翻译
2. wiki(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faction_%28Planescape%29) 英文对派系的观点 + 简译 + wiki 中文观点
3. wiki中提到的派系现实来源 + 简译 + 个人认为的现实来源 + 简译
4. 对每个派系的总结和讨论
表示解释：蓝色字表示原文的引用，红色字表示wiki上没有公认的观点，黑色字表示本文的原创观点
参考资料：wiki, d&d 出版物
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ATHAR (DEFIERS, LOST)
- The gods are frauds; the unknowable truth lies beyond the veil.
神全是骗子，不可知的真理超隐幕后
Wiki: who deny not only the gods' right to pass judgment over mortals, but their very divinity. They claim that the gods (whom they call "powers") are powerful but have limits and do not deserve worship. Instead, Athar priests channel divine power from what they call the "Great Unknown", or what they believe to be the true divine force behind everything. Their headquarters in Sigil is the Shattered Temple, the former temple of the dead god Aoskar. The Athar are broadly derived from real-world atheists, agnostics, and Deists
英简译：否认神权和神性。神力有限，因此“神”不该被崇拜。Athar 牧师从“伟大的未知”获得“圣力”，认为真正的“圣力”超隐万物之后。Athar 大概派生于现实的 “无神论”，“不可知论”和 “自然神论”
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Deist terminology自然神论术语
# Supreme Being 至上的存在
# Divine Watchmaker 神圣的钟表匠
# Grand Architect of the Universe 宇宙至高的造物主
# Nature's God – used in the United States Declaration of Independence 自然之主-美国独立宣言
# Father of Light 光之父
Edward Herbert, Lord Herbert of Cherbury (d. 1648) is generally considered the "father of English deism"
Deism is a religious and philosophical belief that a supreme being created the universe, and that this (and religious truth in general) can be determined using reason and observation of the natural world alone, without the need for either faith or organized religion.
17到18 世纪的英國和18世纪的法國出現的一個哲學觀點，主要是回應牛頓力學對傳統神學世界觀的衝擊。這個思想认为雖然上帝創造了宇宙和它存在的规则，但是在此之后上帝并不再对这个世界的发展产生影响。這裡的自然神論主要是指具有閃米特一神教背景並受其影響的西方唯一神派自然神論者的觀點，而不是具有多神教背景的自然神論者等的觀點如泛自然神論。
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Atheism, in a broad sense, is the rejection of belief in the existence of deities. In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities.
无神论是认为神灵不存在或者不接受有神论的一种哲学思想和立场，广义上则是对神存在缺乏相信的思想的总和。无神论并没有统一的哲学思想，例如一些无神论者可能完全否定任何超自然事物，但一些无神论者可能相信诸如占星术等伪科学。
Epicurus (341 BCE - 270 BCE) "Is [God] willing to prevent evil, but not able? then is he impotent. Is he able, but not willing? then is he malevolent. Is he both able and willing? whence then is evil?"
伊壁鸠鲁是第一个提出罪恶问题的人。大卫•休谟在他的著作《自然宗教对话录》（1779）中把这一论证写成了几个问题的形式： “神是否想阻止‘恶’但阻止不了？如果是，那么神就是无能的；神是否能阻止‘恶’而不愿阻止？如果是，那么神就是坏的；如果神既想阻止又能阻止‘恶’，那 ‘恶’又是从哪来的呢？”
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评论：感觉上ATHAR派系是自然神论和无神论为主的集合体，特征是否认已知的具体化的众“神”，认为有超越众“神”的存在。
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BELIEVERS OF THE SOURCE (GODSMEN)
- All life springs from the same divine source, ascending and descending in form as the cosmos tests it.
所有生命来自同一神圣源头，升华和堕落是宇宙对个体的考验
who believe that each life is a test, and that every person has the potential to become a god. Their headquarters is the Great Foundry, symbolizing their belief that the multiverse constantly forges and refines all beings. Shares many parallels with Hindu and Buddhism. However, the ultimate goal is not Nirvana but apotheosis, making it a religion of the left-hand path; therefore a much closer analogue is that of LaVeyan Satanism.
每一生都是一场测试，任何人都能成神。多元宇宙一直在铸造和改善万物。与印度教和佛教有很多关联，但是终极的目标不是涅磐而是封神，算是左翼宗教观，因此更靠近LaVeyan 的恶魔主义。
源頭信仰者認為多元宇宙中的一切都帶有神聖源頭的神性。他們相信生命不只一次，在多次生命中每一生都是考驗，個體在無數次生命歷程中成長進步，最後到達像神一般的境界，而且多元宇宙中每個存在都有成為神的潛能。存在的意義就是提升，比先前更進步，即使失敗甚至死亡也能重試或再轉生，改善過去失誤朝更好方向前進。這是一種非常入世而且樂觀進取的哲學，很接近新時代（New Age）的觀念。源頭信仰者在遊戲中的聚集處是大鑄造廠（The Great Foundry），憑著創造與改良的信念，鑄造廠充滿了工匠精益求精的創造氣氛。
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Common descent (evolutionary biology): In evolutionary biology, a group of organisms have common descent if they have a common ancestor.
共同起源是指一群生物體擁有共同祖先的情況。在進化論中，所有地球上的生物被視為來自共同祖先或祖先基因池。
Pierre Louis Maupertuis (1698 – 1759)
In the 1740s, Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis made the first known suggestion in a series of essays that all organisms may have had a common ancestor, and that they had diverged through random variation and natural selection
皮埃爾•路易•莫佩爾蒂（Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis，1698年7 月17日－1759年7 月27日），是一位法國數學家、物理學家、哲學家。他是最先搞清楚地球形狀為近扁球形的科學家。他也擁有發明最小作用量原理之榮譽。他第一个通过短论提议所有生物可能有同一祖先，因随机变量和物竞天择而分化。
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评论：比起在西方小众的佛教印度教，达尔文的进化论因该更大众，wiki上只考虑了宗教观，忽略了科学理论。
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BLEAKC ABAL (BEAKERS, THE CABAL, MADMEN)
-The multiverse ain’t supposed to make sense; there’s no grand scheme, no deep meaning, no elusive order. The only truth worth finding lies within.
多元宇宙没有意义，没有伟大的设计，没有深意，没有难以捉摸的秩序，唯一值得寻找的真理在于（万物本身）
who deny that any belief system has any merit; as they see it, the universe has physical rules, but no metaphysical or philosophical ones, therefore any meaning in life must come from within. Their headquarters is the insane asylum of Sigil, called the Gatehouse. They are derived from real-life existentialists and nihilists.
否认一切信仰的价值，宇宙只有物理法则，没有形而上学或者哲学的法则，因此真理在于（万物本身），派生于现实的“存在主义”和 “虚无主义”。
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Existentialism is a term applied to the work of a number of 19th- and 20th-century philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences, generally held that the focus of philosophical thought should be to deal with the conditions of existence of the individual person and their emotions, actions, responsibilities, and thoughts
存在主义强调个人、獨立自主和主观经验。
Søren Kierkegaard (1813 –1855), posthumously regarded as the father of existentialism, maintained that the individual is solely responsible for giving his or her own life meaning and for living that life passionately and sincerely, in spite of many existential obstacles and distractions including despair, angst, absurdity, alienation, and boredom.
索倫•奧貝•基尔克果（丹麥語：Søren Aabye Kierkegaard，又譯祈克果、齊克果、克尔凯郭尔等；1813年5 月5日－1855年11月11日）是丹麥哲學家、神學家及作家，一般被視為存在主義之父。
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Nihilism is the philosophical doctrine suggesting the negation of one or more meaningful aspects of life.
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844 – 1900) characterized nihilism as emptying the world and especially human existence of meaning, purpose, comprehensible truth, or essential value.
弗里德里希•威廉•尼采 叙述虚无主义：世界、生命的存在是没有意义、目的以及可理解的真相及最本质价值。
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评论：wiki上总结的很合适，这里没想到更好的概念
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DOOMGUARD (SINKERS)
-Entropy is ecstasy; decay is divine. The multiverse is supposed to fall apart. We’re just here to keep leatherheads from interfering.
熵既是销魂，衰退既神圣。多元宇宙理应崩溃。我们就是来阻止管闲事的脑残们的
who believe in the sanctity and inevitability of entropy. They see the decay and destruction of the universe as necessary; for once it is destroyed all imperfections will be gone with it, paving the way for a perfect new world. Their headquarters is Sigil's Armory, where they forge weapons as tools of destruction.
认为熵是神圣而不可避免的。宇宙的衰退和毁灭是必须的；缺陷随毁灭消逝，进而完美。
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Social entropy (1990) is a macrosociological systems theory. Social Entropy is a measure of the natural decay within a social system. It can refer to the decomposition of social structure or of the disappearance of social distinctions. Much of the energy consumed by a social organization is spent to maintain its structure, counteracting social entropy, e.g., through legal institutions, education and even the promotion of television viewing. Anarchy is the maximum state of social entropy.
熵增社会论作为宏观社会学理论中的系统理论在1990年被提出。 “社会熵”是社会系统的自然衰退的参量，涉及社会结构的分解或者社会差异性的消逝。被一个社会组织消费的能量主要用于维持它的结构和抵抗“社会熵”。“无政府的混乱”是“社会熵”的最大状态。
Kenneth Dan Bailey (1941-) is an American sociologist noted for his 1990 book Social Entropy Theory, helping to characterize the term social entropy, the result of decade long effort to understand and quantify the conception of a “social system” from a physics point of view, in a "social entropy theory".
Kenneth Dan Bailey 首先于1990年提出了基于物理学观点的熵增社会论，美国社会学者。
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评论：wiki再次忽略了科学概念，因此完全没有对DOOMGUARD派系的来源解释。熵增社会是这篇文章里最年轻的概念，热力学第二定律时间上更早。熵的概念是派系哲学来自现实的铁证之一。
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DUSTMEN (THE DEAD)
-We’re all dead - some more so than others. So, we explore our current state with patience, purge our passion, and ascend toward the purity of True Death.
我们都是死者，有些（死的）更彻底。因此，我们要怀着耐心探索自身现状，静心无欲，向着真正湮灭升华。
believe that both life and death are false states of existence, that there is a state of True Death which can only be accomplished by denying one's emotions and physical wants and needs (a conception similar to oblivion, but also conceivably to Nirvana). Their headquarters is the Mortuary, where Sigil's dead are interred or cremated. Their philosophy is closely related to acosmism, with a more death geared ideal. The faction shares similarities with Buddhism and with the Stoics as well.
认为生死都是存在的虚假状态，只有抛弃自身的感情和有形的需要才能达到湮灭的状态。哲学上靠近“无宇宙论”，和佛教，斯多亚学派有共同之处。
萬亡會眾相信在多元宇宙中的生命是幻象，連死亡也是幻象，那些都只是超越多元宇宙的真實存在的投影罷了。他們所追求的是一種叫做真實死亡的境界，真實死亡只有在個體的情感與肉體需求都寂滅時才能達成，當個體執著於情感跟肉體的存在就會繼續在多元宇宙的幻覺中延續無數次的生死輪迴。真實死亡的概念很接近佛教的涅槃。萬亡會眾對多元宇宙的想法則很接近無宇宙論(Acosmism)。萬亡會眾在異域鎮魂曲遊戲中聚集的地方有停屍間（The Mortuary）跟集灰者酒吧（Gathering Dust Bar）。因為萬亡會崇拜真實死亡的關係，兩個聚集處都散發出類似墳墓的死亡氣息。
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Stoicism (Greek Στοά) was a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium (334 BC - 262 BC) in the early 3rd century BC. The Stoics considered destructive emotions to be the result of errors in judgment, and that a sage, or person of "moral and intellectual perfection," would not suffer such emotions. Stoics were concerned with the active relationship between cosmic determinism and human freedom, and the belief that it is virtuous to maintain a will (called prohairesis) that is in accord with nature. Because of this, the Stoics presented their philosophy as a way of life, and they thought that the best indication of an individual's philosophy was not what a person said but how he behaved
主张即宇宙是绝对的理性，理性能提供「共同概念」，使人人具有共同的經驗，從而，以形成知識、真理的標準。他们还认为世界既是理性，人是世界理性的一部分，應該避免理智的判断受到感情方面的影响。他們的人生目標就是符合這個世界的理性，即達到有德性的生活，將克制、知足、平靜（一種對外在事物的冷漠）視為美德。另外，他們也相信「命定論」，即一切都已經註定，都是因為之前做的事情（前因）才會必然的導致後果。斯多亚学派认为他们的哲学是生存之道。
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John Maynard Keynes (1883 – 1946)
- In the long run we are all dead
- 长期上讲我们都是死人
20世纪美国最有影响力的人物之一，或许对于天朝也是最有影响力的人物之一，一个让蒋x石当了近1个世纪千古罪人的经济学家，如何影响到了planescape? 仅仅是说的话和前面有所相似就被摆到这里？
或许他和基督教的关系能解答这些问题。详细参考附件，也许算是野史。
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评论：斯多亚学派在wiki上解释为一种哲学的生存之道，单从这方面讲和DUSTMEN派系追求的死亡是完全冲突的。这里加上了凯恩斯的理念。实际上一看到派系简介的英文原句，首先想到了凯恩斯而不是斯多亚学派。
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FATED (TAKERS, HAERTLESS)
-The multiverse belongs to those who seize it. No one’s to blame for a poor sod’s fate but the sorry sod himself.
多元宇宙属于那些能占据它的人。除了（屁民）懊悔自己，没有人该为一个卑微屁民的命运受到谴责
believe that those with power and ability have the right to own what they control and to take what they can from those who are unable to keep it, and that it is their right to exploit any situation to their advantage, regardless of how it affects anyone else. Their headquarters is the Hall of Records, where they serve as the tax collectors of Sigil. They are derived from real-life Social Darwinists and the philosophies of Ayn Rand.
认为有力量和能力人对有他们控制的一切有所有权，而且可以从哪些未能保护自己所有物的人那里取走任何东西，为了自身的利益而剥削是统治者的权利，不用管这些行为如何影响他人。
派生于现实的社会达尔文论和安.兰德的理念
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Charles Darwin (1809- 1882)
Social Darwinism is a pejorative term used for various late nineteenth century ideologies which, while often contradictory, exploited ideas of survival of the fittest. It commonly refers to notions of struggle for existence being used to justify social policies which show no sympathy for those unable to support themselves. While the most prominent form of such views stressed competition between individuals in free market capitalism, it is also associated with ideas of struggle between national or racial groups. In sociology it has been defined as a theory of social evolution which asserts that "There are underlying, and largely irresistible, forces acting in societies which are like the natural forces that operate in animal and plant communities. One can therefore formulate social laws similar to natural ones. These social forces are of such a kind as to produce evolutionary progress through the natural conflicts between social groups. The best-adapted and most successful social groups survive these conflicts, raising the evolutionary level of society generally (the 'survival of the fittest')." The term has very rarely been used as a self description.
社会达尔文主义是将达尔文进化论中适者生存的思想应用于人类社会的一种社会理论。
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Conflict theories are perspectives in social science which emphasize the social, political or material inequality of a social group, which critique the broad socio-political system, or which otherwise detract from structural functionalism and ideological conservativism. Conflict theories draw attention to power differentials, such as class conflict, and generally contrast historically dominant ideologies.
衝突理論，在社會學和生物學中是指：在社會或組織的正常運轉過程中，每一個個體參加者和他所在的團體總是努力實現自己利益的最大化，其結果不可避免帶來社會變遷，如革命、政治變遷。
C. Wright Mills (1916 – 1962) has been called the founder of modern conflict theory. In Mill's view, social structures are created through conflict between people with differing interests and resources. Individuals and resources, in turn, are influenced by these structures and by the "unequal distribution of power and resources in the society."
美国社会学家C. Wright Mills被认为是现代冲突理论的创立者，根据他的观点，社会结构是通过持有不同利益和资源的人的冲突而建立的。个体和资源，反过来受到社会结构，不平等的权力和资源分配过程的影响。
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评论：wiki完全没有解释 FATED 的现实来源，再次忽略了科学概念。比起适者生存的社会达尔文论，这里更倾向冲突理论。FATED 在印记城是负责税收的部门，更强调社会资源的分配观，而社会达尔文论只强调种群而不是个体的冲突和结果，这些冲突可能因为种族，信仰，其他方面。FATED 则不会因为你的种族，信仰的不同来考虑你的钱袋。
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FRATERNITY OF ORDER (GUVNERS)
Philosophy: Everything has laws; most are dark. Learn the laws of the multiverse and you can rule it.
万物自有法，多隐于暗。学习多元宇宙的法律你就能统治它。
who believe that knowledge is power; they learn and exploit both the natural laws of the universe and the laws of society. Their headquarters is the City Court, where they serve as judges and legal advocates. They recall the Sophists of Classical Athens.
相信知识即力量；学习和利用宇宙和社会的天然法律。让人想起古典希腊的诡辩家们。
Section (1): Our Goal. As you obviously know, we dedicate ourselves to law and knowledge.
节1：我们的目标是献身于法则和知识
Subsection (A): Laws are representations of power.
小节A：法则即力量
Point (1): Laws govern the lives of every being
细目1：法则支配万物之命
Point (2): Laws order the actions of every thing
细目2：法则治理万物之行
Subsection (B): Knowledge is power.
小节B：知识即力量
Point (1): With knowledge comes understanding.
细目1：知识实现理解
Point (2): With understanding we gain the ability to manipulate things around us.
细目2：操控随于理解
Conclusion: Knowledge of law, then, is the ultimate power.
结论：法则的知识即终极的力量
Point (1): Everything is governed by laws. (See Subsection [A], Points [1] and [2].)
细目1：物支配于法
Point (2): Knowledge of all law is the power to manipulate all things.
细目2：知万法控万物
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Idealism is the philosophical theory which maintains that the ultimate nature of reality is based on the mind or ideas. In the philosophy of perception, idealism is contrasted with realism in which the external world is said to have an apparent absolute existence.
唯心论认为现实的最终本质基于人的精神或理念。
Deductive reasoning, also called Deductive logic, is reasoning which constructs or evaluates deductive arguments. Deductive arguments are attempts to show that a conclusion necessarily follows from a set of premises.
在传统的亚里士多德逻辑中，演绎推理是「结论，可从叫做前提的已知事实，“必然的”得出的推理」。如果前提为真，则结论必然为真。
Plato and Aristotle
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评论：wiki提到了古希腊的诡辩家，这里认为主要来源是柏拉图和亚里士多德的理念。派系宣言的详细介绍部份开始便是典型的演绎推理，算是亚里士多德逻辑的铁证。从演绎推理的细目上看，认为知识和理解能完全操控现实，算是属于唯心论的一种。
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FREE LEAGUE (INDEPS)
Philosophy: This ain’t no faction, and nobody tells us what to do. Keep your options open; nobody’s got the key to the truth.
这不是什么派系，没人命令我们去做什么。公开你的选择，没人掌握真理的关键。
who reject the other factions and their bureaucratic, hierarchical dogmatism; in fact, they don't consider themselves a faction at all. For this reason, they don't have a factol or an official headquarters, though Sigil's Great Bazaar serves as an unofficial one. They believe in individual freedom as the highest good and could be considered similar to libertarianism.
拒绝其它派系和它们的官僚机构，统治教条。实际上，他们不认为自己是个派系。他们相信个体的自由才是至善，类似于自由主义。
有些人並不會選擇加入以上任何一個團體組織，因為他們並不確定在這眾多派系中究竟哪個組織的看法比較正確，他們認為還是維持個人獨特價值觀比較自由而且妥當。為了實際生活的需要，即使不加入其他派系，還是有人照應跟互通信息會讓生活比較好過，所以有一些擁有個別獨特價值觀的人們組成了自由聯合會，裏面沒有領袖，也沒有硬性的組織結構，也無共同的明確目標，純粹是個互助性質的團體。
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Libertarianism entails an ideological belief in freedom of thought and speech. The term libertarianism has come to encompass a range of beliefs about social structures with some libertarians striving for minimization of the state, and others desiring to achieve complete elimination of any hierarchical imposition of authority to include an opposition to capitalism and other institutions viewed as coercive.
自由意志主義是一種主張只要個人不侵犯他人的同等自由，個人應該享有絕對的自由以其自身和財產從事任何活動的政治哲学。自由意志主義者的基本準則為：任何人類的互動行為都應該出於雙方的自願和同意，任何利用暴力或詐欺手段侵犯他人權利和財產的舉動都是違反了這種準則。因此除了對付他人先行侵略的反擊外，自由意志主義者反對任何形式的暴力行為。
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Individualist anarchism refers to several traditions of thought within the anarchist movement that emphasize the individual and their will over any kinds of external determinants such as groups, society, traditions, and ideological systems.
个人无政府主义强调个人意志高于一切外在的决定形式，比如集团，社会，传统，思想体系。
William Godwin (1756 – 1836)
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总结：wiki上认为是自由主义，现比之下，这里认为更靠近个人无政府主义。FREE LEAGUE 和个人无政府主义都强调个体的意志高于一切。另外，个人无政府主义是个中文习惯翻译问题，这个主义不光考虑政府问题。
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HARMONIUM (HARDHEADS)
-Peace is our goal. But if it takes a little war to get others to set things right, the Harmonium way, so be it. That’s how we’ll reach our golden harmony.
和平是我们的目标。但如果需要用战争校正事物，走上和谐之道，那就来吧。这就我们取得黄金和谐的方式。
who believe that peace and stability can only be established under one rule -- theirs. The planar faction known as the Harmonium is actually just a small part of a much larger political entity which rules over the entirety of the Prime Material world of Ortho. In Sigil, they serve as the city's police force, and their headquarters is the City Barracks. They are related to present day authoritarianism, particularly religious evangelicalism and fundamentalism. It is strongly advised that visitors to Sigil never, under any circumstances, use the term 'Hardhead' in front of Harmonium members.
相信和平和稳定只能建立于一条规则之下 -和谐会的。这个组织实际是完全统治Ortho界的一个大政治体的小部门。涉及到现实的威权主义
和諧會的人相信多元宇宙的秘密就是『和諧會總是對的』，他們認為多元宇宙中有智慧的生命都會努力和其他不同個體和諧共處，而多元宇宙的最終目標就是達到宇宙和平狀態。和諧會認為多元宇宙說穿了其實只有戰爭與和平兩種狀態，抉擇也只有戰或和兩種。和諧會的人宣稱只有遵循他們那套想法才是維持和諧穩定的唯一法門，並且想把這套思想傳遍多元哲學並存的多元宇宙中，如果宣揚和諧會相信的真理需要動用武力，和諧會員也會毫不猶豫動武。雖然沒辦法立刻達成和平，但每當和諧會員除去一個敵人，多元宇宙就會更接近宇宙和平的狀態。和諧會的想法其實和現代的獨裁主義有關
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Theodore M. Vestal of Oklahoma State University–Stillwater has written that authoritarianism is characterized by: Authoritarianism is a form of social organization characterized by submission to authority. It is opposed to individualism and democracy. In politics, an authoritarian government is one in which political power is concentrated in a leader or leaders, typically unelected, who possess exclusive, unaccountable, and arbitrary power.
俄克拉荷马州立大学教授Theodore M. Vestal 认为权威主义有以下特征，是一种臣服政权的社会组织形式：
* "Highly concentrated and centralized power structures" in which political power is generated and maintained by a "repressive system that excludes potential challengers" and uses political parties and mass organizations to "mobilize people around the goals of the government";
*高度集中的权力机构
* The following principles:
1. rule of men, not rule of law
2. rigged elections
3. all important political decisions made by unelected officials behind closed doors
4. a bureaucracy operated quite independently of rules, the supervision of elected officials, or concerns of the constituencies they purportedly serve
5. the informal and unregulated exercise of political power
*遵循几个原则：
1．人治而非法治
2. 操纵选举
3. 所有重要政策是通过幕后非选举的官员决定
4. 按某种独立规则运行的官僚机构，监视选举出现的官僚
5．非正规的实行政治权力
* Leadership that is "self-appointed and even if elected cannot be displaced by citizens' free choice among competitors"
* 领导权是自我指定的，不会被自由选举出的竞争者替代
* No guarantee of civil liberties or tolerance for meaningful opposition;
* 不保证公民自由，不能容忍反对者
* Weakening of civil society: "No freedom to create a broad range of groups, organizations, and political parties to compete for power or question the decisions of rulers", with instead an "attempt to impose controls on virtually all elements of society";
* 弱化的公民社会
* Political stability maintained by "control over and support of the military to provide security to the system and control of society; 2) a pervasive bureaucracy staffed by the regime; 3) control of internal opposition and dissent; 4) creation of allegiance through various means of socialization."
*政治稳定由控制军队，治安和管制社会实现
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Paternalism refers to an attitude or a policy reminiscent of the hierarchic pattern of a family based on patriarchy. The term may be used derogatorily to characterize attitudes or political systems that are thought to deprive individuals of freedom and responsibility, only nominally serving their interests, while in fact pursuing another agenda which is directly against the interests of the individuals. Authors have condemned feminists for trying to replace paternalism with maternalism, an equally harmful system.
父爱主义，或家長式作風、家長式管治，指的是一个指导者（“父亲”）代表其他人（“妻子” 或“孩子”）替他们作出“为他们好的”决策，即便这样的决策违背他们的愿望。简而言之，是“管你，是为你好”的思维。它是封建家长制遗留下来的作风。
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评论：wiki上说HARMONIUM 是权威主义，这里认为是结合了父权主义。前面给出了权威主义的特征，而HARMONIUM派系作为一个机构部门还称不上权威主义。而且实现“和平”的派系目标也和权威主义“集权统治”的目标不一致。
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MERYKILLERS (RED DEATH)
-Justice is everything. When properly applied, punishment leads to perfection.
公正即一切。恰当实行的惩罚通向完美。
who believe in justice and retribution at the expense of all else. Their name does not come from "killing out of mercy," but rather "killing mercy." Their credo that mercy is for the weak, and the merciful should be punished. Appropriately, their headquarters is Sigil's Prison, where they carry out the sentences of convicted criminals.
慈悲殺手們極端推崇正義的懲罰，他們認為慈悲是軟弱的，鐵腕消滅罪惡可以淨化改善多元宇宙，當多元宇宙中所有的邪惡都被消滅，多元宇宙就可到達完美的境界。在伸張正義的過程中，罪人的生命可能跟著罪惡一起被慈悲殺手除掉，所以慈悲殺手的稱號也有屠殺慈悲毫不留情的意思。慈悲殺手只是單純執行律法並不會反省那些律法的正當性，而且慈悲殺手們自認為伸張正義的行為有時過於嚴峻，很難讓人心悅誠服。
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Retributive justice is a theory of justice that considers that punishment, if proportionate, is a morally acceptable response to crime, with an eye to the satisfaction and psychological benefits it can bestow to the aggrieved party, its intimates and society.
报应公正论是一种对公正的理论，认为相应的惩罚是道德上可接受的对犯罪的回应。
Immanuel Kant (1724 –1804)
-‘if the guilty are not punished, justice is not done’
-犯罪未被惩，公正未实行
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评论：wiki没有派系来源解释，这里认为是源于报应公正论。派系宣言的简介，基本和报应公正论的英文解释一致。
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-The status quo is built on lies and greed. Crush the factions. Break ’em all down and rebuild with what’s left - that’s the only way to find the real truth.
现状建立于谎言和贪婪之上。粉碎那些教派。把它们都破坏，重建存留下的，才是寻找真理的唯一途径。
who believe that social order and man-made laws are inherently corrupt and must be destroyed--though none of their members can agree on what, if anything, should replace them. Like the Indeps, they don't have a factol or a headquarters, though they have many safe houses and secret meeting places.
认为社会秩序和人造法律同腐败与生俱来，一定要被毁灭。
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Anarchism is a political philosophy which considers the state undesirable, unnecessary and harmful, and instead promotes a stateless society, or anarchy. It seeks to diminish or even abolish authority in the conduct of human relations.
无政府主义（或安那其主义）是一系列政治哲学思想，英语中的无政府主义“Anarchism”源于希腊语单词“αναρχία”，意思是没有统治者。所以被翻译成中文时，根据这一最基本的特征译成“无政府主义”，也有文献音译为“安那其主义”。無政府主義包含了众多哲学体系和社会运动实践。它的基本立场是反对包括政府在内的一切统治和权威，提倡个体之间的自助关系，关注个体的自由和平等；其政治诉求是消除政府以及社会上或经济上的任何独裁统治关系。對大多數無政府主義者而言，「無政府」一詞並不代表混亂、虛無、或道德淪喪的狀態，而是一種由自由的個體自願結合，以建立互助、自治、反獨裁主義的和諧社會。
Some claim anarchist themes can be found in the works of Taoist sages Laozi and Zhuangzi. The latter has been translated, "There has been such a thing as letting mankind alone; there has never been such a thing as governing mankind [with success]," and "A petty thief is put in jail. A great brigand becomes a ruler of a Nation." Diogenes of Sinope and the Cynics, and their contemporary Zeno of Citium, the founder of Stoicism, also introduced similar topics
一些无政府主义者把古代中国的道家思想作为最早出现的无政府主义的思想来源[2]，依據穆瑞•羅斯巴德（Murray Rothbard）的說法，莊子或許是「全世界最早的無政府主義者」。莊子曾說過：「夫能令天下治，不治天下者也」
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Marxism
Karl Heinrich Marx (1818 — 1883)
Socialism can be accomplished only through class conflict, violent revolution and dictatorship of the proletariat.
# Marxism has tended to be a theoretical or analytical discourse about revolutionary strategy.
# Anarchism has tended to be an ethical discourse about revolutionary practice.
相比无政府主义，马克思主义强调暴力革命是必要的
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评论：wiki没有解释派系来源，这里认为是来自无政府主义和马克思主义。首先，派系宣言里的派系别称就是无政府主义者ANARCHISTS，这是一个来源现实的铁证，而激进的无政府主义就是马克思主义，强调暴力革命运动。
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SIGN OF ONE (SIGNERS)
- The multiverse exists because the mind imagines it. The Signers - it could be any Signer - create the multiverse through the power of thought.
多元宇宙之所以存在是因为思维想象了它。印记城的人，可能是任何一个，通过想象力创造了多元宇宙。
who believe that everyone is the center of their own reality and that reality can be reshaped by the power of imagination. Their headquarters is the Hall of Speakers, which houses Sigil's legislature. Some of them are solipsists, though most are not so extreme.
相信每个人都是自己现实的中心，现实能被想象力改造。有些派系成员是唯我论者，大多数没那样极端。
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Idealism 唯心论，前面介绍过。
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Solipsism is the philosophical idea that only one's own mind is sure to exist. Solipsism is an epistemological or ontological position that knowledge of anything outside one's own specific mind is unjustified. The external world and other minds cannot be known and might not exist. In the history of philosophy, solipsism has served as a skeptical hypothesis.
唯我論，或稱獨我論，唯我主義，英文為Solipsism（拉丁文：solus, alone + ipse, self）是一種哲學思想，為「我的心靈是唯一存在的事物」。唯我論為知識論或形而上學主張，指出心靈以外任何事物的知識無法被証明（justified）。外在世界和其他心靈不能被知道並且可能不存在。於哲學的歷史，唯我論被當成懷疑假說，並認為不可能駁倒。
唯我论首现于高尔吉亚的陈述。
高爾吉亞（希臘文：Γοργίας，約公元前 487年-前376年），希臘詭辯學者、前蘇格拉底時期的哲學家及修辭學家，原居於西西里Leontini。與普羅塔哥拉同為首批詭辯學者。他最為人所知的是他把修辭學由西西里帶到阿提卡，又將阿提卡方言融入散文文學中。
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Anthropic principle In physics and cosmology, the anthropic principle is the collective name for several ways of asserting that the observations of the physical Universe must be compatible with the life observed in it.
在宇宙學中，人擇原理的基礎是基於真實宇宙的有效理論，一致都是由人類跟有機化合物開始到現在的宇宙。
舉例來說，人擇原理指出如果萬物與自然定律存在，那時萬物與自然定將會被人類發現。如果萬物與自然定律不是那個型態出現的話，人類就不會知道這些定律是怎樣出現的。如果只有在像我們的很少的一些宇宙中，智慧及生命才得以發展並能質疑："為何宇宙是我們看到的這種樣子？" 回答很簡單："如果它不是這個樣子，我們就不會在這裡。"
Brandon Carter (born 1942) is an Australian theoretical physicist, best known for his work on the properties of black holes and for being the first to name and employ the anthropic principle in its contemporary form.
首次發表這個理論的是天文物理學家布蘭登•卡特，在1973年的記念哥白尼誕辰500周年的"宇宙理論觀測數據"會議上。
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评论：除了广义的唯心，还体现了唯心论的人择原理。具体看派系宣言里会长的发言。
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SOCIETY OF SENSATION (SENSATES)
- To know the multiverse, experience it fully. The senses form the path to truth, for the multiverse doesn’t exist beyond what can be sensed.
欲知多元宇宙，然要经历它的全部。感识塑造真理之道，多元宇宙不存在可超越感识之物。
who believe that accumulating experiential knowledge through the senses is the only way to achieve enlightenment. Their headquarters is the Civic Festhall, which features an endless series of entertainments and a library of magically stored experiences. They are reminiscent of ancient Epicureanism.
相信通过感识而去积累经验知识是唯一能达到极乐的方法。让人想起伊比鸠鲁哲学。
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Epicurus (341 BCE - 270 BCE) 伊比鸠鲁，前面提到过他的无神论。
伊比鳩魯的學說和蘇格拉底及柏拉圖最大的不同在於，前者強調遠離責任和社會活動。伊比鳩魯認為，最大的善來自快樂，沒有快樂就沒有善。快樂包括肉體上的快樂，也包括精神上的快樂。伊比鳩魯區分了積極的快樂和消極的快樂，並認為消極的快樂擁有優先的地位，它是「一種厭足狀態中的麻醉般的狂喜」。
同時，伊比鳩魯強調，在我們考量一個行動是否有趣時，我們必須同時考慮它所帶來的副作用。在追求短暫快樂的同時，也必須考慮是否可能獲得更大、更持久、更強烈的快樂。他還強調，肉體的快樂大部分是強加於我們的，而精神的快樂則可以被我們所支配，因此交朋友、欣賞藝術等也是一種樂趣。自我的慾望必須節制，平和的心境可以幫助我們忍受痛苦。
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Empiricism
In philosophy, empiricism is a theory of knowledge that asserts that knowledge arises from evidence gathered via sense experience. Empiricism is one of several competing views that predominate in the study of human knowledge, known as epistemology. Empiricism emphasizes the role of experience and evidence, especially sensory perception, in the formation of ideas, over the notion of innate ideas or tradition.
哲学上，经验主义主张知识源于经历的实证，是一种到现今仍然占据支配地位的认识理论。经验主义强调经验和实证，特别是感性认识。
John Locke (pronounced /ˈlɒk/; 29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704), widely known as the Father of Liberalism, was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers. Considered the first of the British empiricists, he is equally important to social contract theory.
約翰•洛克是英國的哲學家。在知識論上，洛克與大衛•休謨、喬治•貝克萊三人被列為英國經驗主義的代表人物，但他也在社會契約理論上做出重要貢獻。被认为第一个英式经验主义者。
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评论：wiki认为SOCIETY OF SENSATION源自伊比鸠鲁哲学，这里认为跟伊比鸠鲁哲学没有太大关系，而是源自主流认识理论的经验主义。两者都强调感性认识和经验是最重要的。
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TRANSCENDENT ORDER (CIPHERS)
-Action without thought is the purest response. Train body and mind to act in harmony, and the spirit will become one with the multiverse.
圣人无为，故无败。 身心合一，万物与我为一。
who believe that by tapping in to the 'cadence' of the planes and acting through pure instinct they can achieve a higher state of being. Their headquarters is the Great Gymnasium, where members can train to improve their bodies and minds. Their philosophy could be considered similar to Taoism, and its offshoots, such as Zen Buddhism.
相信融入位面的韵律，按照纯粹的本能行动能让人达到更高的存在。派系的哲学和道家还有禅宗相似。
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评论：这个派系没什么好讨论的，派系宣言上的前半句话是英文对道德经的翻译，后半句是翻译庄子的。
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XAOSITECTS (CHAOSMEN)
- Chaos is truth, order delusion. Embracing the randomness of the multiverse, one learns its secrets.
- 混乱既真理，秩序是虚幻。参悟多元宇宙的随机无则，方能得到它的秘密。
who believe that the only truth is revealed in chaos. The Xaositects have been quite accurately described as being "totally off their rockers, every one of 'em." Their headquarters is the Hive, which is the most disorganized part of the Sigil ward of the same name. Some may consider their philosophy a slight twist to accidentalism, but a far more relevant parallel is the Cynics (Greek κῠνικός "dogs") of antiquity. There is even a gang of Xaositects called the "Starved Dogs Barking" featured in Planescape: Torment. Compare with real life discordianism.
相信唯一的真理揭示于混乱。被描述为“完全的疯癫，每个都是”。有人认为派系哲学是机会主义和犬儒主义。可以和真实的异调主义相比。
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Discordianism is a religion centered on the idea that chaos is all that there is, and that disorder and order are both illusions that are imposed on chaos. These are referred to, respectively, as the "Eristic" and "Aneristic" illusions. It was founded circa 1958–1959 by Malaclypse the Younger with the publication of its principal text, the Principia Discordia. There is some division as to whether it should be regarded as a parody religion, and if so to what degree. It has been called "Zen for roundeyes", based on similarities with absurdist interpretations of the Rinzai school.
异调主义核心观点是混乱即全部，无序和有序只是被人强加给浑乱的幻觉。异调主义源自作家Malaclypse二世的作品《异调原理》，和临济禅宗的荒诞主义相似。
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Chaos theory is a field of study in mathematics, physics, economics and philosophy studying the behavior of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions. This sensitivity is popularly referred to as the butterfly effect. Small differences in initial conditions (such as those due to rounding errors in numerical computation) yield widely diverging outcomes for chaotic systems, rendering long-term prediction impossible in general.
混沌理论是在数学和物理学中，研究非线性系统在一定条件下表现出的“混沌” 现象的理论。
1963 年美国气象学家愛德華·諾頓·勞侖次提出混沌理论，非线性系统具有的多样性和多尺度性。混沌理论解释了決定系统可能产生隨機结果。理论的最大的贡献是用简单的模型获得明确的非周期结果。在气象、航空及航天等领域的研究裡有重大的作用。
混沌理论认为在混沌系统中，初始条件十分微小的变化，经过不断放大，对其未来状态会造成极其巨大的差别。
混沌理论的知名例子是蝴蝶效应，而混沌的概念，最早出现于1880年庞加莱的“三体问题”
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评论：wiki的看法是“非主流的派系和非主流的理论”。这里认为比起非主流，更可能来自主流的混沌理论。
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|D&D | Western, White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (西方，白人安格鲁-萨克逊新教徒) |Oriental东方
| | 蓝色表示20世纪后才出现的概念
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| Athar | atheists, agnostics, Deists | |
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| Believers of the Source | Darwinism, common descent | Hindu and Buddhism |
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| Bleak Cabal | Existentialists, nihilists |
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| Doomguard | Social entropy |
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| Dustmen | Stoicism，Acosmism，Keynesianism | Buddhism
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| Fated | Social Darwinists，Ayn Rand，Conflict theory |
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| Fraternity of Order | Idealism，Deductive reasoning |
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| Free League | Libertarianism， Individualist anarchism |
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| Harmonium | Authoritarianism, Evangelicalism, fundamentalism，Paternalism |
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| Mercykillers | Retributive justice |
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| Revolutionary League | Marxism，Anarchism |
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| Sign of One | anthropic principle，Idealism，Solipsism |
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| Society of Sensation | Epicureanism，Empiricism |
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| Transcendent Order | | Taoism，Zen Buddhism
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| Xaositects | Accidentalism，discordianism | Rinzai school
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发表于 2010-7-19 08:22:05
